Oral Biologic Delivery: Advances Toward Oral Subunit, DNA, and mRNA Vaccines and the Potential for Mass Vaccination During Pandemics

Oral vaccination enables pain-free and self-administrable vaccine delivery for rapid mass during pandemic outbreaks. Furthermore, it elicits systemic mucosal immune responses. This protects against infection at surfaces, which may further enhance protection minimize the spread of disease. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract presents a number prospective inductive sites targeting, including oral cavity, stomach, small intestine. However, currently available vaccines are effectively limited to live-attenuated inactivated enteric diseases. GI poses challenges,including degradative processes that digest biologics barriers limit their absorption. review summarizes approaches under development future opportunities established (intestinal) relatively new (oral stomach) targets. Special consideration is given recent advances in biologic offer promise as platforms administration vaccines.